ACNE VULGARIS: PATHOGENESIS, CURRENT THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES, AND ADVANCES IN TOPICAL GEL-BASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Shailesh Prakhar, Satkar Prasad
ABSTRACT
Acne vulgaris is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory skin disorders affecting adolescents and adults worldwide. It is characterized by the development of comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and in severe cases, permanent scarring. The pathogenesis of acne involves multiple factors, including increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, colonization by Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes), and inflammation. Conventional treatment approaches include topical and systemic therapies such as antibiotics, retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid, salicylic acid, hormonal agents, and isotretinoin. Although these therapies are effective, their long-term use is often associated with adverse effects, poor patient compliance, and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Topical gel formulations have emerged as a promising drug delivery system for acne management due to their non-greasy nature, ease of application, enhanced patient acceptability, and ability to provide localized drug action with minimal systemic side effects. Gels can effectively deliver both synthetic and natural anti-acne agents while improving drug stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy. This review discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of acne vulgaris, current pharmacological treatment strategies, and the significance of gel-based drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the classification, characteristics, preparation methods, evaluation parameters, and therapeutic advantages of gels in acne treatment are comprehensively summarized. The review highlights the potential of gel formulations as an effective and patient-friendly approach for the management of acne vulgaris and future advancements in topical dermatological therapy.
[Full Text Article]